Your Child’s Online World

A father picks up his twelve-year-old son’s phone from the kitchen counter to plug it in for the night. A notification lights up the screen, and he reads it in the half-second before it disappears. He puts the phone down and stands there for a minute, then picks it up again. When he scrolls back, he finds that the notification was only the start of something he hadn’t known was there.

This chapter is about the conversation that follows, in the next hour and then over the next several weeks. Conversations about screen time are about how long, when and where. This one is about what your child has come across, what has come looking for them, and what your family does next.

In our work, this comes up more often than most people would expect. What parents find varies. It might be a message from someone the child does not seem to know, a group chat in which the child’s name is being spoken about, an image they have been sent and not been able to put down, or an account that has been following them for months and that, at second glance, is not what it said it was. Whatever it turns out to be, the parent’s stomach drops in much the same way.

What is actually happening

For a child, a screen is the way into the places where their life now happens: the video game, the group chat, the platform. The algorithm decides which of these they go into next, by a logic they don’t understand and haven’t, in any real sense, consented to.

Parents are usually told to police screen time, which puts the focus in the wrong place. The harder questions are what’s on the screen, who is on the other side of it, and what the algorithm is putting in front of your child this week that it wasn’t putting in front of them last week. A child can spend two hours a day on cookery videos and animal clips and be doing nothing a parent would worry about. Another child can spend twenty minutes a day on a platform that has, in a fortnight, served her a hundred pieces of content about self-harm because she paused on one and the system decided that was who she was.

Online concerns fall broadly into three categories. The first is content: what the child is encountering, deliberately or not. Eating-disorder material, self-harm content, pornography, violent imagery, the radicalising rabbit hole. The second is conduct: what the child is doing or having done to them by other children. Cyberbullying, the group chat that has become the venue for what used to happen in the corridor, the intimate image sent in a relationship and now circulating after it has ended. The third is contact: an adult who is not what they have said they are, building a relationship with the child for purposes the child is too young to recognise. Each calls for a different conversation, and the first step is often to work out which one you’re dealing with.

The NSPCC’s online-safety hub for parents is, in our view, the clearest single UK starting point on all three. Its pages are calm, organised by age, and tell parents what they can do. The UK Safer Internet Centre covers the same subjects from a slightly different angle, and its written guidance is worth reading; its own helpline is for professionals working with children, not for parents.

The moment you have found something

In the first ten minutes, the instinct is to act: to confiscate the phone, confront your child, or ring the other parent or the school. Each of these is an alarmed parent reaching for the feeling of having done something. In nearly every case we see, the first thing that helps is slower than the instinct.

Put the phone in a drawer, not in your pocket and not back where your child left it. That takes it out of circulation while you think. Don’t tell your child you’ve done it until you’re ready to talk. Sit down for ten minutes. If there’s another adult in the house, tell them what you’ve seen, briefly and without drama. Before you go upstairs, decide what you’re going to say to your child.

All the first conversation has to do is leave the door open. In our experience, the opening that helps says what has happened and puts you on your child’s side: “I saw a message on your phone. I haven’t read everything. I’m not cross. I want you to tell me what’s going on, and I want to help.” Sit on the edge of their bed to say it; don’t stand in the doorway. Have your hands free, and keep your voice low.

After that, don’t interrogate them. They know more than you do, and if they have any sense that you’re not going to punish them, they’ll start to tell you, slowly and in pieces. Don’t rush to the next question. The first conversation almost never gets to the bottom of it. It gets you part of what’s happening, and a way into the next conversation.

What doesn’t help is taking the phone away on the spot as a punishment, saying “I told you not to”, or listing all the rules they have broken. The bullying chapter makes this point, and it applies just as much here: by saying anything at all, your child has taken a risk. If you punish them for telling you, they won’t tell you next time. Things may need to change with the phone in time, but the first hour isn’t the time for that lesson.

One of the things you may find is blackmail with nude images, usually for money. It is aimed mostly at teenage boys of about fourteen to seventeen; girls are targeted too, more often to make them send more images. If your child tells you it is happening, tell them it is not their fault, and that the National Crime Agency’s advice is not to pay. Use the routes in the next section to report it.

What to do with the device

Parents often ask what to do about the device itself, so here is the practical side.

If what you have found is sexual imagery of anyone under 18, including imagery of your own child, it is handled differently from anything else on the phone. Never view, copy, print, share, store or save it, or ask a child to share or download it. A screenshot is a copy. If you have already seen it, stop looking. Do not return to the chat or image, and do not delete or alter anything. Treat the device as potential evidence, leave it as it is, and stop using it.

If instead it is a threat of violence, an adult making sexual contact with your child, grooming, or an adult asking them for personal information, photographs or video, that handling rule does not apply. What does apply is this: do not investigate it yourself, and do not forward the material on. Leave it where it is and let the services below decide what happens next.

The routes are the same in both cases, in this order. If your child is in danger now, 999. Otherwise the police on 101, and CEOP at ceop.police.uk/safety-centre, which is the route for online sexual abuse and grooming. In school hours, tell your child’s designated safeguarding lead as well. Let those services direct what happens to the device and to what is on it. Their starting point should be your child’s safety and welfare, and it is worth telling your child that; do not promise them what those services will or will not do, because that is not yours to promise.

If sexual imagery of your child is online, the Internet Watch Foundation accepts anonymous reports at iwf.org.uk/en/uk-report and works to have it removed. If the image is of your child and they are under 18, Report Remove, run by Childline with the Internet Watch Foundation, allows them to report it through childline.org.uk.

If the picture is sustained cyberbullying, the device may need to come out of your child’s bedroom for a while, but the account itself needs to stay live in the short term so that messages can be screen-shotted and the school can see the pattern. Screenshots belong here, where what needs recording is words, accounts and dates. Never screenshot an image of a child that is sexual, even to give it to the school. The school is the route. The Designated Safeguarding Lead holds the safeguarding side, the head of year or pastoral lead the day-to-day work; both need to know. Kidscape, the UK’s specialist anti-bullying charity, know this territory calmly and well; the Parent Advice Line on 0300 102 4481 is one of the few specialist UK routes when the school’s first efforts have not changed the picture.

If the picture is content (self-harm material, eating-disorder content, pornography, radicalisation), the algorithm is the active problem and the platform itself is now part of the conversation. Reset the algorithm where you can: clear the recommendations, reset the watch history, change the account. Block specific accounts. Move the device out of your child’s bedroom at night, when the algorithms feed the worst content. Then talk to the school’s pastoral lead about what the child has been encountering; schools often hear the same accounts named by several children, and a pattern across families is information they can use.

If the picture is contact (an adult on the other side, building a relationship), the conversation has tipped into safeguarding. Do not contact the adult. Do not pretend to be your child and message them. Both interfere with the police’s ability to act. Report to CEOP. Talk to the school’s DSL. Your GP is, in time, the route for the child’s emotional aftercare.

The conversation that follows

The hard conversation goes on over the next several weeks. Keep giving your child chances to talk, again and again, in low-key places: the car, a walk to the corner shop, bath time for younger children, bedtime with the light off for older ones.

There are three things to get across, spread out over days.

The first is that what happened was not your child’s fault. Children almost always find a way to make the encounter their own responsibility. “I should not have clicked. I should not have replied. I should have blocked her. I should not have sent the picture.” The parent’s job is the slow, repeated naming that the adult on the other end of a grooming conversation has done this before, knew exactly what they were doing, and the child has, by their age, been outmatched. The message in cyberbullying conversations is similar: your child is being targeted by a pattern not of their making. The shame is the bully’s, not theirs.

The second is that the family is going to live a little differently for a while, and that this isn’t a punishment or a judgement on your child. The phone might stay out of their bedroom overnight, the platform might come off the device for now, and on Sunday afternoons the devices might go in a basket by the door. It’s like a family that has had a small fire putting in a smoke alarm.

The third is that you’re going to keep talking. Don’t do it constantly, and don’t interrogate them; bring it up in passing, with curiosity. “Has anything come up. Have you had any messages from anyone you don’t know. Do you want to show me what you’ve been watching this week.” In most cases we see, the second and third disclosures come weeks after the first.

The but everyone has it argument

The argument parents lose most often is about the platform itself, and a child whose social life depends on the answer makes it with absolute conviction: “Everyone has Snapchat. I’m the only one not allowed.”

Answer with the question your child isn’t asking: “I hear that everyone has it. Tell me what you’d do with it that you can’t do at the moment.” A teenager who can give a real answer (the group chat is on it, and they’re missing the plans for Saturday) is asking for something real, and you can move on to practical options: a basic phone, a watch with messaging, or waiting until the end of the summer. A teenager who can’t give a real answer is asking because of social pressure, and the answer can be a warm no: “Not yet, and we’ll look at it again at the end of the summer.” When parents want an age-by-age view of what each platform actually is, we send them to Common Sense Media’s platform-by-platform breakdowns.

Your own digital footprint

The chapter on screen time makes this point too: your child is watching what the adults do with their devices. Families who change their own habits alongside their child’s find the conversation easier, because the rules apply to everyone. If phones go in the basket by the door on Sundays, yours goes in too. If phones stay face down at the table, so does yours, and your phone charges overnight in the same place as everyone else’s. Your child notices.

At different ages

The online world is a different place for a six-year-old, a ten-year-old and a sixteen-year-old. The bands below are a rough guide.

If your child is between four and seven. At this age the device is still mostly yours, so keep it that way. Choose the apps yourself, have your child use it in a shared part of the house, and make sure an adult is in the room while it’s on. The first online-safety habit to teach a child this age is telling you. “If you ever see something on the iPad that you do not understand, or that makes you feel funny, you come and tell me, and you will not be in trouble.” Say it calmly, and say it again every so often.

If your child is between seven and nine. This is when they start using a device on their own, often a hand-me-down phone or a borrowed iPad. Once a week, sit next to your eight-year-old on the sofa and ask them to show you the channels they like. Be curious, and don’t turn it into an audit. At the end of the day the device still goes back to a shared room; their bedroom isn’t the right place for it yet.

If your child is between nine and eleven. This is when the first phone arrives, with the first WhatsApp group, and when some of your ten-year-old’s standing with friends starts to be decided online. Put the household routines in place before the phone becomes a battleground: a family charging station in the hallway, say, and no phones at supper. The conversation about strangers online needs to be had at this age explicitly: “if anyone you have not met in person asks you for a photograph, your address, your school, anything at all, you come and tell me, and you will not be in trouble”. The DSL at your child’s primary school will be running the online-safety teaching in PSHE; ask their teacher what has been covered, so your conversations dovetail with the school’s.

If your child is in early secondary, eleven to thirteen. By now your twelve-year-old is fully on social media, whether or not the platforms are nominally allowed: Snapchat, TikTok, or whatever has replaced them by the time this chapter is next revised. Be present, but don’t keep your child under surveillance. Notice if they stop mentioning a platform, stop replying to a friend, or have been on their phone until two. Ask in passing, at breakfast: Anything going on this week. If anything tips into the safeguarding range, the school’s DSL is the right adult to bring in. Most schools take online safeguarding concerns seriously and will work in partnership with the family.

If your child is in mid to late secondary, thirteen to sixteen. Most of what they do online is now out of your sight. The passcode and the platforms are theirs, and the parental-control software that worked at seven is now easy for them to get round, and ethically dubious to use. Make home the place where conversations about online life happen, by being around without watching over their shoulder. The intimate-images conversation, calmly, in this band: “if you are ever asked for a picture, by anyone, you come and tell me. Anyone you trust enough to send a picture to is anyone who will respect that you do not have to.” Your teenager’s PSHE lessons at school will have covered this; hearing it at home backs it up. Teenage girls are much more likely than boys to be sent sexual images they didn’t ask for, and to be pressured to send their own. Boys report it less often, though many say it happens around them. Talk to a daughter about what to do if it happens to her, and to a son about why asking for an image, or passing one on, is never acceptable. If imagery has been shared, CEOP, the IWF, and the school’s DSL are the right routes; do not assume your child will tell you straight away.

If your child is sixteen and beyond. The conversations are now adult to adult, and you can talk more openly about your own online life: the platforms you have left, the wellness-grift you nearly fell for, the political content that radicalised your friend’s brother last year. A brief, truthful account of how you manage it yourself is the example they need. Misogynistic content reaches boys and girls online, and girls report coming across it more often. Schools are now asked to help boys question the myths about women that are spread online, so ask your son who he watches, and talk it through with him. At this age, it mostly comes down to being a household your child still wants to come back into, with a sofa they still want to sit on, even once they are free to go anywhere on the internet they choose.

The longer arc

Your child is growing up with the internet all around them, and no parent of this generation can opt them out of it. What you can realistically aim for is a household where an adult stays close to the ways your child gets online, where an adult gets told when something goes wrong, and where the device is one part of home life, along with a sofa, a walk on a Saturday and adults who put their own phones down some of the time. The school is the partner in this, particularly the DSL when something serious has happened; the police, through CEOP, are the partner when something has tipped into the criminal.

The father who read that notification has, by noticing it and not panicking, already done the most important thing this chapter can ask of him. The hour that follows is going to be slow and unglamorous. He is going to talk to the school. He may, depending on what he finds, talk to CEOP. He is going to be the adult who was on his son’s side when the boy came up against something bigger than him.

NOTES

1. Livingstone, Sonia & Blum-Ross, Alicia. Parenting for a Digital Future: How Hopes and Fears about Technology Shape Children’s Lives. Oxford University Press, 2020. Their research with UK families on how parents actually manage digital technology at home.
2. National Crime Agency. “NCA issues urgent warning about ‘sextortion’”. 2024. Internet Watch Foundation. “Sexually coerced extortion”, Annual Data and Insights Report 2025. Who is targeted by sexual extortion, and the advice not to pay.
3. Ofsted. “Review of sexual abuse in schools and colleges”. 2021. How often girls and boys are sent, or asked for, sexual images.
4. Ofcom. “Digital differences between men and women revealed”. 2024. Department for Education. “Misogynistic myths kicked out of classrooms to protect children”. 2025. Who meets misogynistic content online, and schools’ work with boys on it.

Where to go further

Sonia Livingstone and Alicia Blum-Ross, Parenting for a Digital Future: How Hopes and Fears about Technology Shape Children’s Lives A UK academic’s calm, evidence-based book on what digital childhood is like from day to day. It’s the right read if you’ve had enough of alarmist material and want a UK source you can trust.

Jonathan Haidt, The Anxious Generation A widely debated 2024 book arguing that smartphone-based childhood has rewired adolescent mental health. It has become the reference point for the current debate, and parts of it are contested. It’s useful to read alongside Livingstone, who takes the longer view.